Miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe da ake kira dinosaurs sun yi yawo a duniya. An san zamanin mulkinsa da Mesozoic, Ya kasance na sakandare ko kuma Mesozoic ne. A matakin gidan zoo, an kuma kira shi shekarun dinosaur. Maganar Botanical, tana da sunan zamanin cycad. Nasa ne na Phanerozoic eon wanda ya kasu kashi uku ma'auni na lokacin geological tare da wannan tsari na zamanin da: Paleozoic, Mesozoic da Cenozoic. Saboda haka sunan "Mesozoic", wanda ya zo daga Hellenanci kuma yana nufin "tsakanin rayuwa". Farkon wannan zamanin ya kasance shekaru miliyan 251 da suka gabata kuma ya zo ƙarshe shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata.
A lokacin, ba dinosaur ne kaɗai mazaunan duniya ba. Haka kuma wasu kifaye, kada da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe, irin su kunkuru, sun yi girma a cikin wadannan shekaru miliyan 185. Bugu da ƙari, dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, angiosperms, da tsire-tsire masu furanni sun fara fitowa. Game da invertebrates, mafi mashahuri su ne ammonites, belemnites da cephalopods. Geographically, a lokacin zamanin dinosaur Supercontinent Pangea a hankali yana watsewa kuma nahiyoyin da aka samu sakamakon wannan rabo suna tafiya har suka mamaye matsayin da suke a yanzu.
Shekarun Rukunin Dinosaurs
Mesozoic ya kasu kashi uku ne, wanda kuma ya kasance da zamani daban-daban masu shekaru daban-daban. Lokutan sune Triassic, Jurassic, da Cretaceous. A ƙananan iyakar Mesozoic, wani ɓarna na Permian-Triassic ya faru. A lokacin, 70% na terrestrial vertebrates da kuma tsakanin 90% zuwa 96% na dukkan nau'in ruwa sun bace. Tun da ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɓarna mafi girma da aka taɓa samu, ana kuma kiranta da “Babban mutuwa” ko “Babban mutuwa”. Amma ga babba iyaka na Mesozoic, an saita shi a Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Masana sun yi hasashen cewa ya faru ne sakamakon tasirin da wani asteroid ya yi a doron kasa, wanda shi ne sanadin kogin Chicxulub a Yucatan. A wannan lokacin kashi 50% na dukkan nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan lokacin sun ɓace. Wannan kaso ya haɗa da duk dinosaurs waɗanda ba na ruwa ba.
Lokacin Triassic
Na farko daga cikin lokuta uku na shekarun dinosaur shine Triassic. Wannan ya fara shekaru miliyan 252 da suka gabata kuma ya ƙare kusan shekaru miliyan 201 da suka gabata. An kasu kashi uku masu shekaru daban-daban:
- Ƙananan Triassic / Farko
Shekaru: Induense da Olenekiense. - Tsakiyar Triassic
Shekaru: Anisiya da Ladinian. - Late/Late Triassic
Shekaru: Carnian, Norian, da Rhaetian.
[mai alaka url="https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/ichthyosaur/»]
A wannan lokacin, archosaurs sun kasance masu mahimmanci. Sun mallaki sararin sama a matsayin pterosaurs, tekuna a matsayin nothosaurs da ichthyosaurs, da ƙasa a matsayin dinosaur. Sauran dabbobi, irin su cynodonts, sun samo asali ne ta hanyar raguwa da ƙara zama kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, har sai sun zama daya. Oda crocodilia, kifi kifi, murjani masu rai, da yawancin kwarin kwari na zamani su ma sun bayyana. Har ila yau, manyan amphibians na ruwa da tsire-tsire na Dicroidium genus sun zama ruwan dare a lokacin.
Lokacin Jurassic
Jurassic ya fara shekaru miliyan 201 da suka gabata kuma ya ƙare shekaru miliyan 152 da suka gabata. Kamar wanda ya gabace ta, ya kasu zuwa zamani uku tare da shekarunsu:
- Ƙananan Jurassic / Farko
Shekaru: Hettangian, Sinemurian, Pliensbachian, da Toarcian. - jurassic na tsakiya
Shekaru: Aalenian, Bajocian, Bathonian da Callovian. - Babban / Late Jurassic
Shekaru: Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian da Tithonian.
A matakin Botanical, gymnosperms da ferns suna da yawa. Dangane da dinosaur, mafi yawan halayen wannan lokacin sune sauropods, stegosaurs, da carnosaurs. Dabbobi masu shayarwa a lokacin suna da yawa amma ƙanana ne. Bayan haka, kadangaru da tsuntsaye na farko sun bayyana. Game da rayuwar ruwa, plesiosaurs da ichthyosaurs sun bambanta kuma akwai yalwar ammonawa, belemnites da bivalves. Sauran halittun ruwa na yau da kullun sune kifin starfish, crinoids, soso, rhinconellids, da terebratulid brachiopods. A lokacin Jurassic wani muhimmin lamari ya faru: Babban nahiyar Pangea ya rabu gida biyu, ya kafa Gondwana da Laurasia.
Lokacin Cretaceous
Lokaci na ƙarshe na zamanin dinosaur a ƙarshe ya fara kusan shekaru miliyan 152 da suka wuce kuma ya ƙare shekaru miliyan 72 da suka gabata. Cretaceous ya kasu kashi biyu zamanin da su kuma suka hada da shekaru daban-daban:
- Ƙananan / Farkon Cretaceous
Shekaru: Berriasia, Valanginian, Hauterivian, Barremian, Aptian, da Albian. - Babban / Late Cretaceous
Shekaru: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian, Campanian, da Maastrichtian.
[mai alaka url="https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/marine-dinosaurs/»]
Lokaci na ƙarshe na Mesozoic yana da alamar rabuwar Gondwana. A lokacin Cretaceous, sabbin nau'ikan kwari sun bayyana kuma tsire-tsire masu fure sun yaɗu. Fitowar karin kifin teleost na yanzu kuma ya faru. A cikin wannan lokacin, belemnites, ammonites, echinoids, sponges da rudist bivalves sun kasance na kowa. Bugu da ƙari, crocodiles na zamani da dinosaur na duniya sun samo asali: Tyrannosaurids, Hadrosaurids, Titanosaurids, Carcharodontosaurids, Ceratopsids, Dromaeosaurids, Spinosaurids, Abelisaurids, Ankylosaurids, da Stegosaurids. Pliosaurs, mosasaurs, da sharks na zamani sun bayyana a cikin teku. Halin halitta kuma ya haifar da marsupials, monotremes, da dabbobi masu shayarwa na placental. Ya rage a lura da cewa A hankali ana maye gurbin pterosaurs da tsuntsaye na farko.
Geology na zamanin dinosaur
Mesozoic ya fito waje don taron da ya faru a matakin tectonic: rarrabuwar Pangea. Wannan babban nahiyar ya kasu kashi biyu a lokacin Jurassic. Ana kiran yankin arewa Laurasia da kudancin Gondwana, wanda ya haifar da tekun Atlantika. A ƙarshen zamanin Mesozoic, an riga an sami ƙarin fashewar abubuwan da suka zo don samar da nahiyoyin da muka sani a yau, kusan a cikin yanayin su na yanzu. Gondwana ya zama Kudancin Amurka, Ostiraliya, Afirka, Antarctica, da yankin Indiya. Ƙarshen sun yi karo a lokacin Cenozoic tare da farantin Asiya. A halin yanzu, Laurasia ya rabu zuwa Eurasia da Arewacin Amirka.
Tsawon tsaunukan Andes ya fara samuwa a lokacin Jurassic kuma ya ɗauki siffarsa a lokacin Cretaceous. Wannan al'amari ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa farantin Nazca ya rushe a ƙasan farantin Kudancin Amurka. Bayan haka, A karshen wannan lokacin, Laramide orogeny ya fara. Wannan tsari ne na gina dutse wanda ya ci gaba a zamanin Cenozoic kuma daga ƙarshe ya kafa Dutsen Rocky.
Yanayin zamanin dinosaur
Gabaɗaya, lokacin Triassic ya bushe kuma na yanayi, musamman a yankin ciki na babban yankin Pangaea. Saboda tsananin zafi da yake yi, ruwan ya ɗauki aikin mai daidaita yanayin zafi da tafki mai zafi. Don haka, ƙasashen da ke kusa da manyan ruwayen sun sami ɗan bambanci a yanayi. Duk da haka, yawancin ƙasar Pangea ba ta da nisa daga teku, don haka yanayin zafi ya bambanta sosai. Akwai yuwuwar ɓangaren ciki na babban nahiyar yana da manyan wuraren hamada. A lokacin Jurassic, matakin teku ya fara tashi. Masana sun yi hasashen cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda karuwar yawan dabbobin ruwa. Hakanan, Pangea ya fara raguwa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin saman da ke hulɗa da teku. Da kusancin ruwan, shi ma zafi ya fara karuwa kuma hamadar ta ja baya.
Duk da bincike da bincike da masana suka yi. yanayi na lokacin Cretaceous ya kasance batu mai zafi. Masana sun yi hasashen cewa yanayin ya kasance iri ɗaya ko žasa a duk faɗin duniya saboda haɓakar matakan carbon dioxide. Sun ƙididdige cewa matsakaicin zafin jiki ya wuce matsakaicin zafin jiki na yanzu da kusan 10ºC. Ta yiwu ma zafin ruwan ya yi yawa ta yadda wasu wuraren da ke kusa da shi ya zama hamada.
Biology na zamanin dinosaur
A ƙarshen zamanin Paleozoic, bacewar kusan dukkanin nau'ikan dabbobi ya faru. Wannan taron ya ba da damar bayyanar nau'ikan rayuwa daban-daban waɗanda ba su wanzu a da. An bar yawancin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli babu komai bayan bacewar manyan dabbobin paleozoic da ciyawa. Saboda haka, a lokacin Mesozoic zamanin. rinjayen fauna mallakar manyan archosaurs ne Sun fara fitowa ne bayan rugujewar jama'a na Permian-Triassic. Daga cikinsu akwai pterosaurs, dinosaurs, da dabbobi masu rarrafe na ruwa kamar su mosasaur, plesiosaur, da ichthyosaur.
Saboda sauye-sauyen yanayi da suka faru a ƙarshen Jurassic da kuma lokacin Cretaceous, an halicci yanayi waɗanda suka fi dacewa da radiation na daidaitawa. A lokacin Jurassic ne mafi girman bambancin archosaurs ya kasance. A lokacin ne kuma tsuntsayen farko da dabbobi masu shayarwa na mahaifa suka fara fitowa.
[mai alaka url="https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/dinosaurs-herbivores/»]
Game da dabbobin ruwa, mafi girma ya fara ɓacewa yayin da zafin teku ya karu. Koyaya, ƙananan sun fara haɓakawa. Daga cikinsu akwai macizai, kadangaru, da watakila ma magabatan primates. An inganta wannan yanayin ne bayan bacewar taro na Cretaceous-Tertiary. Yayin da manyan archosaurs suka bace, dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye sun fara bunƙasa, har yau.
flora da kwari
A lokacin farkon Cretaceous, angiosperms sun fara haɓakawa a cikin wurare masu zafi. Saboda yanayin zafin jiki, sun sami damar yaduwa zuwa sanduna a cikin tsawon lokacin. Yayin da Cretaceous ya zo ƙarshe, angiosperms sune manyan bishiyoyi a wurare da yawa. Duk da haka, akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa cycas da ferns sun ci gaba da mamaye kwayoyin halitta.
Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa bambancin kwari ya faru ne saboda angiosperms. Suna jayayya cewa tsarin jikin waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi yana da kyau sosai ga tsire-tsire masu fure, musamman sassan baki. Duk da haka, kwari sun riga sun sami nau'in jikin jiki iri ɗaya kafin angiosperms su yada. Bugu da kari, an rage bambance-bambancen wadannan dabbobi bayan bayyanar wadannan tsire-tsire. Don haka, asalin halittar kwari dole ne an daidaita su don wasu dalilai waɗanda ba a fayyace su ba tukuna.