Dinosaur

Menene dinosaurs da cikakken bayanin

Bacewa a cikin Cretaceous, shekaru miliyan 65 da suka wuce, dinosaur sun dauki hankali daga mafi ƙanƙanta ga masana burbushin halittu na dinosaur. Ba abin mamaki bane, tunda halittu ne masu manyan fikafikai cewa duk muna son yin tunanin yadda wata rana suka yi yawo cikin yardar rai a cikin duniyarmu. Asalinsa ya koma kusan shekaru miliyan 240/230 da suka wuce, shi ya sa suke zama kashin baya. rinjaye a Duniya tsawon shekaru miliyan 165-175.

Ko da yake Kalmar dinosaur tana nufin "mummunan kadangaru" (wanda Richard Owen ya tsara), ba su kasance kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe ba kamar yadda muka san su a yau. A haƙiƙa, hanyar tafiyarsu ta kasance ta biyu ne, kuma ko da bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa za su iya zama dabbobi masu ɗumi. Tare da haɓakar haɓakawa mai yawa, nesa da abin da za a sa ran daga babban dabba, za su kasance da sauri kuma sun dace da sauri zuwa canje-canje fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Ko da, ƙila sun haɓaka dabarun zamantakewa, wanda ya sanya su zama a cikin garken shanu. Dalilin da zai bayyana hanyar da aka gano da yawa daga cikin burbushinsa.

Takaitaccen bayani na farkon da bayyanar dinosaurs

Eoraptor yana ɗaya daga cikin dinosaur na farko da suka wanzu

Dinosaurs sun bayyana a ƙarshen lokacin Triassic. Su ne zuriyar archosaurs, irin waxanda suke fitowa daga cikin kada da tsuntsaye. Sun taso ne shekaru miliyan 20 bayan babban taro na Permian - Triassic, wanda ya shafe 95% na rayuwar da ta wanzu a duniya. Ba a tabbatar da abin da ya haifar da wannan bacewar ba, amma rayuwa ta dauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ta farfado saboda gagarumin tasirin da ta yi.

Zamanin da suka wanzu shine Mesozoic.Har ila yau, an san shi da shekarun dinosaur. Ya kara daga 225 zuwa 65 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Ya mamaye wani ɓangare na Triassic, da duk Jurassic da Cretaceous. Ɗaya daga cikin dinosaur na farko shine Eoraptor, mai bipedal mafarauci. Ana ɗauka a matsayin kakan gama-gari na dukan dinosaur da suka taɓa wanzuwa. A lokacin Jurassic, zamu iya samun wasu dinosaur da aka sani da Diplodocus, wanda ya wanzu tsakanin shekaru 156 zuwa 145 da suka wuce. Shahararren Tyrannosaurus Rex yana daya daga cikin jinsin karshe da suka wanzu Maimakon haka, ya rayu a ƙarshen Cretaceous, tsakanin shekaru 68 da 66 da suka wuce.

A lokacin, yanayin ya yi zafi fiye da yadda yake a yau. Kimanin digiri 10 mafi girma. Matsakaicin adadin carbon dioxide sau 4 mafi girma, mai yiwuwa saboda fashewar volcanic da ya wanzu. Bangaren ƙasa, duk sun haɗu a cikin nahiya guda ɗaya, Pangea, ba ta haifar da gaɓar teku da yawa ba, don haka tasirin tekun bai wanzu ba. Yanayin nahiya ya sanya lokacin rani yayi zafi sosai, damina kuma yayi sanyi sosai.

Yaya dinosaurs suke?

Wane nau'in ilimin halittar jiki ne dinosaurs suke da shi?

Duk bayanan da aka tattara a yau sun fito ne daga bayanan burbushin halittu. Daga cikin su za su iya zama ƙashi ko a'a, kamar sawun ƙafa, ɗigon ruwa, fuka-fukai, ra'ayin fata, da laushin kyallen takarda da gabobin ciki. Hakanan, don fahimtar da kuma gano halayensu da ilimin halittu, fannonin kimiyya daban-daban suna shiga cikin wasa. Biology, chemistry, physics da paleontology galibi. Daga cikin su duka, daga rubuce-rubucen da aka samo, yin la'akari da ilimin da muke da shi a yau na sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye, har ma da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi don ayyana su na biomechanics, za mu iya fahimtar yadda suke.

Yaya girman dinosaurs?

An lura da cewa girman dinosaur ya canza tsakanin lokuta daban-daban wanda ya wanzu da kuma yankin. Misali, kashi 80 cikin 1877 na dinosaur da aka samu a Morrison Formation, a yammacin Amurka da kuma inda aka samu burbushin farko a 20, suna da Stegosaurus da sauropods. Na karshen yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyin ton XNUMX, kasancewar dinosaur mafi girma da aka taɓa samu. Burbushin da aka samu a wurin na Jurassic ne.

Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a baya-bayan nan irin na 2015 ya nuna cewa girman dinosaur ya riga ya girma fiye da yadda ake tunani a baya. Duk wannan ne sakamakon wani bincike da aka yi a kasar Argentina a shekarar 2015. An gano wani sabon kwarangwal din Dinosaur, watau Ingentia Prima. An kiyasta cewa ya wanzu tsakanin shekaru miliyan 228 zuwa 201 da suka wuce, a cikin Triassic. An kuma kiyasta cewa girmansa zai kasance kusan mita 8 zuwa 10 a tsayi, tare da matsakaicin nauyin tan 9. Wannan sabon layin yana bayyana cewa a juyin halitta, Dabarar da ta sa dinosaur su zama kattai sun kasance da wuri fiye da tunani, a gaskiya, kusan tun daga farko ne suka fara wanzuwa. Matsalolin wannan binciken shine cewa an yi imani cewa a farkon su ƙanana ne, lokacin da gaske Ingentia Prima shine dalilin cewa wannan imani ba haka yake ba.

Kwatanta tsakanin Ingentia Prima da ɗan adam

Yawancin burbushin ba a tono su ba, kuma galibin nau'in dinosaur da suka wanzu ba a samo su ba ko kuma ba a samu ragowar su ba. Girman su ya zama mai canzawa sosai, kamar gigantic Argentinosaurus, Puertasaurus ko kwanan nan da aka samu. Patagotitan, wanda girmansa ya kai mita 40 kuma yayi nauyin ton 70. Wasu kuma, ƙananan ƙananan ne, irin su Compsognathus, wanda aka yi imanin a shekarun 90 shine mafi ƙarancin dinosaur, tsayinsa ya kai mita 1 kuma yana da nauyin kilo 3-4. Kwanan nan, duk da haka, sabbin abubuwan da aka gano sun ɗauke "shugabanci", har ma an gano ƙananan nau'ikan. Misali, da Hesperonychus, wanda girmansa ya kai santimita 50, nauyin kilogiram 2, da kuma nau'in halitta mai kama da Compsognathus.

halin dinosaur

Kamar yadda tsuntsaye, crocodiles, da dinosaur suka sauko daga archosaurs, akwai yarjejeniya mai kyau cewa yawancin dabi'un dabi'a na kowa. Misali, tsuntsaye da halayensu na zamantakewa suna zaune a cikin garke. Fassarar wannan suna da goyon bayan hanyar da aka samu burbushin halittu da yawa, yanayin kwarangwal, wurin zama, da kuma simintin halittu ta hanyar kwamfuta.

Este halin garken Wannan ya bayyana a fili lokacin da a cikin 1878 31 Iguanodon kwarangwal aka samu tare a Belgium. Bayan dalilan da suka haifar da mutuwar rukuni, ko sun fadi, ganima ga wani dinosaur, da dai sauransu. Abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa ana yawan samun ajiya tare da kwarangwal iri ɗaya. Bugu da kari, wani daga cikin alamomin shi ne na sawun burbushin halittu, wadanda ke tabbatar da wannan dabi'a mai girman gaske da zamantakewa.

bayanin yadda dinosaur suka yi

Ƙwararru da ruffs na wasu dinosaur sun nuna cewa za a iya amfani da su a matsayin hanyar lalata da kuma jima'i.

A gefe guda, hare-hare tsakanin dinosaur sun kasance ruwan dare. An gano ragowar cizon wutsiya, har ma akwai burbushin halittu irin na Velociraptor da ke kai hari kan Protoceratops. Wasu burbushin halittu ma suna nuna cewa cin naman mutane tsakanin wasu nau'in na iya wanzuwa. Duk da haka, wasu halaye sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin su, ya danganta da wurinsu, abincinsu, girmansu, wurin tafiya, da sauransu. Wani abu da ake nunawa, bisa ga jinsin da muke magana akai.

Saurabussaurus

Therizinosaurus wani magani ne na ciyawa.

Duniyar dinosaur ta ci gaba da kiyaye yawancin abubuwan da ba a sani ba da kuma abubuwan da ba a warware su ba. Duk da yake gaskiya ne cewa ci gaban fasaha da kimiyya yana taimakawa sosai don samun ƙarin sani game da waɗannan dabbobi masu ban sha'awa masu ban sha'awa, masana burbushin halittu har yanzu suna da tambayoyi da yawa da ba a amsa ba. Sakamakon rashin kayan burbushin halittu da dama, wasu daga cikinsu sun dogara ne akan hasashe da kwatancen da aka yi da sauran nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wannan shi ne batun Saurabussaurus, matakin da har yau ya ci gaba da zama abin mamaki ga masana.

Kodayake yawancin abin da muka sani a halin yanzu game da wannan dinosaur hasashe ne kawai, Waɗannan masana daga ko'ina cikin duniya ne suka yi nazari sosai da kuma tunani. Abin da ya sa za mu bayyana a cikin wannan labarin abin da Saurabussaurus, yadda yanayin jikinsa zai iya kasancewa, da kuma yadda masu binciken suka yi tunanin abincinsa.

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Titanosaurus

Titanosaurus ya kasance mai dogon wuya

Miliyoyin shekaru da suka shige, duniyar shuka ta bambanta sosai, kamar yadda mazaunanta suke. Shahararrun dinosaur, wanda a yau muke tunanin tare da wani bangare mai ban mamaki, sune sarakunan ƙasa da na teku. Godiya ga ilmin burbushin halittu, yawancin nau'ikan an san su ta hanyar burbushin halittu da sake gina kwarangwal. Duk da haka, akwai wasu daga cikin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe na tarihi waɗanda har yanzu wanzuwarsu ke cikin shakka, kamar Titanosaurus, misali.

Kuna sha'awar? A cikin wannan labarin za mu yi magana game da abin da Titanosaurus yake, girmansa da kuma inda aka samo shi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Bugu da ƙari, za mu bayyana abin da taxon catchall yake da dangantakarsa da wannan dabba. Idan kuna son dinosaur kuma kuna son ƙarin sani game da shi, Ina ba ku shawarar ku ci gaba da karantawa.

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dogon wuya

Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dogayen wuya

Akwai nau'ikan dinosaur da yawa da aka gano a yau. Masana burbushin halittu, masana kimiyya, da masu bincike suna yin aiki mai yawa da ke kwatanta waɗannan manyan batattu dabbobi. Shekarun da suka gabata, wasu daga cikin wadannan kadangaru kuma sun shahara sosai a tsakanin mutanen da ba su sadaukar da kai ga ilmin burbushin halittu ba. Duk da haka, sunayen da aka ba dinosaur suna da matukar rikitarwa kuma suna da wuyar tunawa. Saboda haka, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa a cikin shekaru da yawa wasu kalmomi sun tashi don yin nuni ga takamaiman rukuni, kamar masu dogon wuya.

Wannan ra'ayi ya ƙunshi duk waɗannan herbivores tare da wuyansa mai tsayi sosai. A halin yanzu, dabbar da za a iya haɗawa a cikin wannan rukuni zai zama raƙuman ruwa. Amma a cikin Dinosaurs akwai wasu ƴan kaɗan waɗanda suka fice don samun dogon wuya sosai dangane da jikinsu. Brachiosaurus, Apatosaurus ko Argentinosaurus su ne kawai 'yan misalai. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi magana game da dogon wuyansa da kuma shahararrun wakilan su.

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shahararrun dinosaurs

Daga cikin shahararrun dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex ya fito fili.

Akwai adadi mai yawa na dinosaur da suka zauna a duniya miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. A duk lokacin da duniyar kimiyya ke neman ƙarin bayani game da waɗannan halittu kuma ana samun sabbin nau'ikan. Godiya ga Hollywood, wasu daga cikin waɗannan halittu masu rarrafe masu rarrafe sun shahara sosai a tsakanin mutane. Shi ya sa muka sadaukar da wannan labarin ga shahararrun dinosaur.

Baya ga fitattun sunayen, za mu kuma yi magana kadan game da halayensu da sha'awarsu. me suka ci? Yaya suka rayu? Yaya girman wakilcin fim ɗin sa yake daidai? Don samun amsoshin waɗannan tambayoyin, ci gaba da karantawa.

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megalosaurus

Daga cikin dabbobin da suka mutu da yawa waɗanda suka zauna a duniya miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce shine Megalosaurus. Sun yi masa baftisma da wannan suna saboda girmansa. Saboda haka, fassarar zai zama "babban lizard". Wannan dinosaur ya rayu a lokacin Jurassic, kimanin shekaru miliyan 167 da suka wuce. Idan aka yi la’akari da wuraren da aka gano burbushin wannan dabba, mai yiyuwa ne cewa ta zauna a yankuna na Turai, Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga bincike, yana da alaƙa da Poekilopleuron na Faransa da Torvosaurus na Arewacin Amirka.

Idan kuna sha'awar wannan babbar dabbar dabbar dabbar, ku ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin. Za mu yi magana game da tarihinsu, abincinsu da bayanin halin yanzu da tsohon.

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coelacanth

Coelacanth yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin dabbobi da ke wanzuwa a Duniya. A gaskiya ma, ya faru cewa ya ƙare tun daga Cretaceous. Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru da yawa ana samun samfurori, kamar yadda ya faru a 1938 a Afirka ta Kudu ko a 1998 a Indonesia.

Amma, Menene coelacanth? Wadanne siffofi yake da shi? Me yasa har yanzu yana raye? Duk wannan, da ma fiye da haka, shi ne abin da za mu gaya muku a gaba.

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Dinosaur a Spain

A Spain akwai adibas da yawa

Spain, kamar sauran ƙasashe, tana da nata fauna miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, ciki har da dinosaurs. Yawancin su an gano su a cikin Iberian Peninsula, da akwai ma shafuka, hanyoyi da gidajen tarihi inda mafi yawan magoya baya za su ji daɗin ziyartar waɗannan wuraren bayanai game da dinosaur a Spain.

A cikin wannan labarin za ku sami wasu daga cikin mafi yawan wakilan dinosaur da aka samo a Spain, da gidajen tarihi da kuma hanyoyin da za ku iya koyo da jin dadin su.

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Dinosaur na cikin ruwa

Dinosaurs na Ruwa Su ne Haƙiƙanin Dabbobin Ruwa

A lokacin Mesozoic zamanin, Dinosaurs sun yi mulki ba kawai ƙasa da iska ba, har ma da ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dinosaur na ruwa da yawa. Duk da haka, akwai wasu jayayya da kalmar da aka yi amfani da su, tun da ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da cewa su dinosaur ne na gaske ba. idan ba marine dabbobi masu rarrafe ba. Duk da wannan matsala, kalmar dinosaur na ruwa gabaɗaya ana ba da gaba.

Waɗannan manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe sune sarakunan teku da teku. Kodayake yawanci ba a san su ba fiye da dinosaur na duniya, wasu daga cikinsu sun sami farin jini. Daga cikin shahararrun su ne Mosasaurs, waɗanda ke da muhimmiyar bayyanar a cikin "Jurassic World" saga, Plesiosaurs, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga dodo Loch Ness, da Ichthyosaurs, waɗanda suke da kama da siffar dolphins. . Idan kana son ƙarin sani game da dinosaurs na ruwa, kada ku yi shakka don ci gaba da karatu.

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Dabbobin dinosaur masu cin nama

Akwai dinosaur masu cin nama masu girma dabam

Akwai dinosaur da yawa da muka sani a yau. Godiya ga bincike da nazarin binciken burbushin halittu, muna da ƙarin bayani game da batattu dabbobi da suka zauna a duniya miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. A cikin wannan labarin za mu yi magana game da dinosaur masu cin nama kuma za mu ba da wasu misalai na shahararrun.

Duk da bayyanarsa mai ban tsoro, kada mutum ya manta da hakan rawar da suke takawa a cikin yanayin muhalli yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci. Sun taimaka wajen daidaita yawan abin da suka yi garkuwa da su kuma ta haka ne suka guje wa cunkoson jama’a. A yau sun zama ma'auni a cikin duniyar litattafai da fina-finai, wanda "Jurassic Park" saga ya fito fili. A cikin litattafai da fina-finai, dinosaur masu cin nama irin su Velociraptor ko Tyrannosaurus Rex suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin makircin. Duk da cewa rayukan masu fada a ji na dan Adam na cikin hadari daga wadannan mugayen dabbobi, amma a lokuta da dama suna nuna cewa suna bin ilhami ne kawai.

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Zamanin dinosaur

Zamanin dinosaur ana kiransa Mesozoic.

Miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce, manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe da ake kira dinosaurs sun yi yawo a duniya. An san zamanin mulkinsa da Mesozoic, Ya kasance na sakandare ko kuma Mesozoic ne. A matakin gidan zoo, an kuma kira shi shekarun dinosaur. Maganar Botanical, tana da sunan zamanin cycad. Nasa ne na Phanerozoic eon wanda ya kasu kashi uku ma'auni na lokacin geological tare da wannan tsari na zamanin da: Paleozoic, Mesozoic da Cenozoic. Saboda haka sunan "Mesozoic", wanda ya zo daga Hellenanci kuma yana nufin "tsakanin rayuwa". Farkon wannan zamanin ya kasance shekaru miliyan 251 da suka gabata kuma ya zo ƙarshe shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata.

A lokacin, ba dinosaur ne kaɗai mazaunan duniya ba. Haka kuma wasu kifaye, kada da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe, irin su kunkuru, sun yi girma a cikin wadannan shekaru miliyan 185. Bugu da ƙari, dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, angiosperms, da tsire-tsire masu furanni sun fara fitowa. Game da invertebrates, mafi mashahuri su ne ammonites, belemnites da cephalopods. Geographically, a lokacin zamanin dinosaur Supercontinent Pangea a hankali yana watsewa kuma nahiyoyin da aka samu sakamakon wannan rabo suna tafiya har suka mamaye matsayin da suke a yanzu.

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ichthyosaur

ichthyosaur ciyar

Muna tafiya zuwa baya don yin magana game da nau'in dinosaur na ruwa. game da ichthyosaur. Yana daya daga cikin dabbobin ruwa da suka rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 245 da suka wuce a cikin wurin zama na ruwa. Ya ci gaba tsakanin zamanin Triassic kuma ya zama batattu a cikin Babban Cretaceous. Ta mamaye wani babban yanki na tekuna da tekuna Indiya, Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Ostiraliya, da sauransu.

A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk halaye, ilimin halittar jiki da kuma hanyar rayuwa na Ichthyosaur.

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gallimimus

Gallimimus yayi kama da jimina.

Daya daga cikin shahararrun dinosaur na zamaninmu shine Gallimimus. Wannan dabbar tana da ginanniyar haske da dogayen ƙafafu na baya, don haka an daidaita ta da kyau don tseren tseren mafarauta. Siffar sa na gaba ɗaya tare da dogon wuyansa da baki mara ƙarfi sosai tuno da jimina. Yana da dogon wutsiya wanda ya taimaka masa wajen kiyaye daidaito. Gallimimus yana da babban shahararsa saboda bayyanarsa a cikin litattafai da fina-finai na "Jurassic Park".

Har wa yau Irin wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne kawai aka sani: Gallimimus bullatus. Wannan sunan ya fito daga Latin kuma yana nufin an fassara shi "kamar kaza mai bula". Dinosaur ornithomimid theropod dinosaur ne wanda ya rayu a Asiya ta yau a lokacin Maastrichtian, shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata, a ƙarshen lokacin Cretaceous. An gano wannan tsiro mai tsiro a cikin Nemegt Formation da aka samu a Monglia.

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